The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign State Immunity (Закон Китайской Народной Республики «Об иммунитете иностранных государств»)

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The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign State Immunity
(Закон Китайской Народной Республики «Об иммунитете иностранных государств»)

(Adopted at the Fifth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fourteenth National People’s Congress on September 1, 2023)

Article 1. This Law is enacted pursuant to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China to improve China’s foreign state immunity system and define the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China over civil cases involving a foreign State and its property with a view to protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties concerned, safeguarding the sovereign equality of States, and promoting friendly exchanges with other countries.

Article 2. In this Law, a foreign State means:

1. a foreign sovereign State;

2. a State organ or a constituent part of a foreign sovereign State; or

3. an organization or an individual, authorized by a foreign sovereign State, that exercises sovereign authority and conducts activities in accordance with such authorization.

Article 3. Unless otherwise provided by this Law, a foreign State and its property enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China.

Article 4. A foreign State shall not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China in proceedings instituted with regard to a particular matter or case if it has expressly submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China with regard to the matter or case:

1. in an international treaty;

2. in a written agreement;

3. in a written document filed with the court of the People’s Republic of China handling the case;

4. in a written document submitted to the People’s Republic of China through diplomatic or other channels; or

5. in other manner of express submission to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China.

Article 5. A foreign State shall be considered as having submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China with regard to a particular matter or case if it has:

1. instituted proceedings in a court of the People’s Republic of China as a plaintiff;

2. participated in proceedings before a court of the People’s Republic of China as a defendant, and made a defense on the merits of the case or a counterclaim;

3. participated in proceedings before a court of the People’s Republic of China as a third party; or